For clinical and scientific review
DeepPsy brings replicated EEG and ECG biomarker evidence into one physician-facing report, helping clinicians compare treatment options within an appropriate line of care.8
Physiological data can add another dimension to the information already used by the treating physician.
Across independent cohorts, selected EEG and ECG biomarkers have shown treatment-specific associations with response to antidepressants, rTMS, and ketamine-based treatments. When these findings are used to compare suitable options, they provide a basis for identifying treatments with a higher expected likelihood of response.123
Each marker captures a different aspect of brain or autonomic activity. Its relevance depends on the treatment and patient population in which the association was studied. The linked references make that context available without interrupting the narrative.
Characterises how wakefulness and alertness states change during a resting-state EEG recording. Studied in antidepressant treatment and replicated in an independent pharmacotherapy cohort, with additional validation in prolonged-release ketamine.123
Measures the dominant frequency within the individual alpha rhythm during rest. Studied in relation to clinical outcome with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS); reported associations were specific to stimulation parameters.5
Compares frontal alpha activity between hemispheres in the resting-state recording. Studied as a sex-specific predictor in the randomised iSPOT-D antidepressant trial.4
Captures cardiac rate patterns present during the resting recording. Studied in relation to response during ketamine treatment for major depression.6
Describes beat-to-beat variation as a marker of autonomic regulation. Studied in generalized anxiety disorder as a marker of differential response to fluoxetine and mindfulness-based treatment.7
DeepPsy integrates all supported biomarkers into one report. For each published correlation, the direction and effect size of the study contribute to its weight, alongside evidence quality and replication. The combined contributions produce treatment-specific likelihood categories for clinical interpretation.8
Quality-reviewed resting-state biomarker values from the patient’s recording.
Each qualifying study defines how strongly a marker relates to response under a supported treatment.
Weighted positive, negative, or neutral contributions are combined for each treatment.
Treatment-specific likelihood categories and narrative interpretation for physician review. View report
After the individual biomarkers were integrated into one report, a retrospective study examined whether report-concordant treatment was associated with higher response in routine specialist care.
In the pooled comparison, 42 of 92 patients receiving report-concordant treatment responded, compared with 14 of 54 patients receiving non-concordant treatment. The evaluated modalities were ECT, rTMS, (es)ketamine, and SSRIs.
Read the medRxiv preprintReport-concordant treatment
46%
Non-concordant treatment
26%
| Treatment | Not aligned | Not aligned sample | Treatment as usual | Treatment as usual sample | Aligned | Aligned sample | Relative increase |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pooled | 26% | 54 | 38% | 146 | 46% | 92 | +76% |
| ECT | 50% | 20 | 62% | 50 | 70% | 30 | +40% |
| 1 Hz rTMS | 13% | 15 | 25% | 48 | 30% | 33 | +127% |
| Es-/ketamine | 10% | 10 | 25% | 36 | 31% | 26 | +208% |
| SSRI | 11% | 9 | 33% | 12 | 100% | 3 | +800% |
Brackets show the relative increase from not aligned to aligned treatment.
Replicated studies provide treatment-specific backing for individual biomarkers. The real-world evaluation adds initial product-level evidence that choices aligned with the integrated DeepPsy report are associated with higher response.
Prospective, adequately powered trials are required to estimate causal benefit, standardize outcome measurement, assess treatment-specific performance, and clarify which patient groups benefit most.
References sit behind the clinical narrative. Each number supports a nearby statement and links to the original publication. This is a curated evidence trail, not an exhaustive paper catalogue.
Ip et al. NeuroPharm study: EEG wakefulness regulation as a biomarker in MDD. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2021.
Open DOIIp et al. Pretreatment qEEG biomarkers for predicting pharmacological treatment outcome in major depressive disorder: independent validation from the NeuroPharm study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 2021.
Open DOIMonn et al. EEG vigilance and response to oral prolonged-release ketamine in treatment-resistant depression: a double-blind randomized validation study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 2025.
Open DOIArns et al. EEG alpha asymmetry as a gender-specific predictor of outcome to acute treatment with different antidepressant medications in the randomized iSPOT-D study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 2016.
Open DOICorlier et al. The relationship between individual alpha peak frequency and clinical outcome with repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Brain Stimulation, 2019.
Open DOIMeyer et al. Predictive value of heart rate in treatment of major depression with ketamine in two controlled trials. Clinical Neurophysiology, 2021.
Open DOIFerreira-Garcia et al. Heart rate variability: a biomarker of selective response to mindfulness-based treatment versus fluoxetine in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2021.
Open DOIProvaznikova et al. Predictive value of EEG/ECG Biomarkers for Treatment Response in Depression. medRxiv preprint, 2026.
Open preprintSee the physician-facing format or contact our team to discuss the scientific basis in more detail.